[108] By the end of the violent civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged, and as many as 10 million perished during the war, mostly civilians. Russian is also spoken as a second language by a small number of people in Afghanistan. [51] The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, and understand the spoken language. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. [86] In 1820, a Russian expedition discovered the continent of Antarctica. [501] Bandy is Russia's national sport, and it has historically been the highest-achieving country in the sport. [378] More than one-third of the sown area is devoted to fodder crops, and the remaining farmland is devoted to industrial crops, vegetables, and fruits. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent. [279] Russia maintains cordial relations with Iran, as it is a strategic and economic ally. During the conflict, Russian troops overran East Prussia, reaching Berlin. The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. United Russia is the dominant political party in Russia, and has been described as "big tent" and the "party of power". 1, 2018 (In Print), Weekly 571 572 14 31 2013. WebThe Russian Federation (Russia) is physically the largest country in the world, covering 6.6 million square miles and 11 time zones over its 6,000-mile length. [394] Zhores Alferov contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics. [112] Eventually internal border changes and annexations during World War II created a union of 15 republics; the largest in size and population being the Russian SFSR, which dominated the union for its entire history politically, culturally, and economically. [199] Putin and Russian-installed leaders signed treaties of accession, internationally unrecognized and widely denounced as illegal, despite the fact that Russian forces have been unable to fully occupy any of the four regions. This page was last edited on 13 January 2023, at 09:02. For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. During the post-World War II era, Russia was a central player in international affairs, locked in a Cold War struggle with the United States.In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia joined with Free programs are available offering this Unicode extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards. According to the United States Census, in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States. [459], After the collapse of the Soviet Union, there was a renewal of religions in Russia, with the revival of the traditional faiths and the emergence of new forms within the traditional faiths as well as many new religious movements. [164], The economic and political collapse of the Soviet Union led Russia into a deep and prolonged depression. [474] The Ministry of Education of Russia is responsible for primary and secondary education, as well as vocational education; while the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia is responsible for science and higher education. Coordinates: 66N 94E / 66N 94E / 66; 94. (mlodets "fine young man"), (uznyu "I shall learn it") (uznay "I recognize it"), (otrezt "to be cutting") (otrzat "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like (afra, "scandal, affair"), (gru, "guru"), (Garca), (Olsha), (Fermi), and to show which is the stressed word in a sentence, for example ? Rossiyane ( ), Russian language term for all citizens and people of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. IvanIII married Sophia Palaiologina, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor ConstantineXI, and made the Byzantine double-headed eagle his own, and eventually Russia's, coat-of-arms. On the ruins of peasant multilingua, in the context of developing heavy industry, a qualitatively new entity can be said to emergethe general language of the working class capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. Even modern readers of younger age may only experience slight difficulties understanding some words in Pushkin's texts, since relatively few words used by Pushkin have become archaic or changed meaning. These have been fed by several waves of immigrants since the beginning of the 20th century, each with its own flavor of language. [30] Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station,[31] as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations.[32]. [94], The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. Russian has six cases: Nominative (for the grammatical subject), Accusative (for direct objects), Dative (for indirect objects), Genitive (to indicate possession or relation), Instrumental (to indicate 'with' or 'by means of'), and Prepositional (used after the locative prepositions "in", "on", "about", "in the presence of"). Such verbs also take on different forms to distinguish between concrete and abstract motion. [77], In Vietnam, Russian has been added in the elementary curriculum along with Chinese and Japanese and were named as "first foreign languages" for Vietnamese students to learn, on equal footing with English. [396] Vladimir Vernadsky is considered one of the founders of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, and radiogeology. WebRussian ( s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: Russians ( , russkiye ), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries. [111], On 30 December 1922, Lenin and his aides formed the Soviet Union, by joining the Russian SFSR into a single state with the Byelorussian, Transcaucasian, and Ukrainian republics. [84] Another Northern dialectal morphological feature is a post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te similarly to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian. [383] It is home to the world's finest caviar, the beluga; and produces about one-third of all canned fish, and some one-fourth of the world's total fresh and frozen fish. [7], Russia is among the five recognised nuclear-weapons states, with the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons; over half of the world's nuclear weapons are owned by Russia. Russia was the world's fifth-leading destination for international students in 2019, hosting roughly 300 thousand. Earlier, Crump illustrated the Russian perspective on the radio show Nieuwsweekend (5 February). M.A. [641][642], Historically, Russian athletes have been one of the most successful contenders in the Olympic Games. Russia is among the world's most educated countries, and has the sixth-highest proportion of tertiary-level graduates in terms of percentage of population, at 62.1%. [449], Russia is a multilingual nation; approximately 100150 minority languages are spoken across the country. [104] The Provisional Government proclaimed the Russian Republic in September. became more prominent in later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants "Rus land". Some examples are: ([vzglat] vzglyad, 'glance'), ([gsdarstf] gosudarstv, 'of the states'), ([stritlstf] stroitelstv, 'of the constructions'). [17] However, the proper name[which?] Russian is also spoken in Israel. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: (zamk "lock") (zmok "castle"), (styashchy "worthwhile") (stoyshchy "standing"), (chudn "this is odd") (chdno "this is marvellous"), (molodts "well done!") [71] Nevertheless, the Turkmen state press and newspaper Neytralny Turkmenistan regularly publish material version in Russian-language, and there are schools like Joint Turkmen-Russian Secondary School. [141]:295 The Soviet economy and infrastructure suffered massive devastation, which caused the Soviet famine of 19461947. It is a descendant of Old East Slavic, a language used in Kievan Rus', which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid 13th centuries. Belarusian , , or Polish , d). [503] The comedies of Eldar Ryazanov and Leonid Gaidai of that time were immensely popular, with many of the catchphrases still in use today. [144] Dependent communist governments were installed in the Eastern Bloc satellite states. [620][621] Eisenstein was a student of Lev Kuleshov, who developed the groundbreaking Soviet montage theory of film editing at the world's first film school, the All-Union Institute of Cinematography. [376], Russia spent about 1% of its GDP on research and development in 2019, with the world's tenth-highest budget. [454] However, various experts have claimed Russia's linguistic diversity is rapidly declining due to many languages becoming endangered. [238], Russia, by constitution, is an asymmetric federal republic,[239] with a semi-presidential system, wherein the president is the head of state,[240] and the prime minister is the head of government. [51] 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. [245][i] Ministries of the government are composed of the premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected other individuals; all are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister (whereas the appointment of the latter requires the consent of the State Duma). [citation needed], In terms of actual grammar, there are three tenses in Russian past, present, and future and each verb has two aspects (perfective and imperfective). Using a formula with V standing for the nucleus (vowel) and C for each consonant, the maximal structure can be described as follows: However, Russian has a constraint on syllabification such that syllables cannot span multiple morphemes. [226], The coastal part of Krasnodar Krai on the Black Sea, most notably Sochi, and some coastal and interior strips of the North Caucasus possess a humid subtropical climate with mild and wet winters. [528] The turn of the 20th century saw the rise of symbolism; represented by Mikhail Vrubel and Nicholas Roerich. The sounds /t, d, ts, s, z, n, r/ are dental, that is, pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge. 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